You will gain valuable experience in semiconductor physics, pn junctions, metal semiconductor contacts, bipolar junction transistors, metaloxide. Whether youre a student, a teacher, or simply a curious person that wants to learn, mit opencourseware ocw offers a wealth of insight and inspiration. Topics treated are the detailed band structure of semiconductors, the effect of impurities on electronic states, and semiconductor statistics. Chapter 2 semiconductor physics objective upon completion of this chapter you will be able to. This textbook combines a thorough theoretical treatment of the basic physics of semiconductors with applications to practical devices by putting special emphasis on the physical principles upon which these devices operate.
Mobile charge carriers in semiconductors crystal structures, bonding mobile holes and electrons dopants and doping silicon in thermal equilibrium generationrecombination. Semiconductor and simple circuitsnot to be republished. You will gain valuable experience in semiconductor physics, pn junctions, metalsemiconductor contacts, bipolar junction transistors, metaloxide. This book covers the physics of semiconductors on an introductory level, assuming that the reader already has some knowledge of condensed matter physics. Lecture 2 basic semiconductor physics in this lecture you will learn. Fundamentals of semiconductor physics introduction. Physics and materials properties find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. History note all bold terms are in the endofbook glossary. Emphasis is devoted to frequency response, layout, geometrical effects, parasitic issues and modeling in integrated microelectronics devices transistors and diodes. Weve learned about how physical phenomena can represent and communicate information, and will learn about how it can be input, stored, and output, but here we turn to the essential electronic devices that transform it. Download semiconductor physics and applications, m.
Introduction to semiconductor physics and devices youtube. Overall charge neutrality must be satisfied in general. Lecture 2 semiconductor physics i september, 2005 contents. Na let us examine this for nd 1017 cm3, n a 0 we solved this in an earlier example. Carrier density is also affected by the presence of dopants, which change the width of the band gap and produce excess electrons or holes. Semiconductor physics group cavendish laboratory jj thomson avenue cambridge, cb3 0he, uk. Yu and others published fundamentals of semiconductors. Mar 25, 2018 this is part of my series on semiconductor physics often called electronics 1 at university. Lecture 1 electronic structure of semiconductors february 7, 2007. The conductivity of a semiconductor material can be varied under an external electric field. Basic crystal structure of semiconductors electrons and holes in semiconductors intrinsic semiconductors extrinsic semiconductors ndoped and pdoped semiconductors ece 315 spring 2005 farhan rana cornell university.
Jan 17, 2016 this is the 1st lecture of a short summer course on semiconductor device physics taught in july 2015 at cornell university by prof. Basics of semiconductor devices indian institute of. Research on semiconducting materials started in the early nineteenth century. Physics 468 and flow of charge carriers in the semiconductor devices are within the solid itself, while in the earlier vacuum tubesvalves, the mobile electrons were obtained from a heated cathode and they were made to flow in an evacuated space or vacuum. Since then, many semiconductors have been investigated. Thermal equilibrium, carrier concentrations lecture 4. Basic semiconductor material science and solidstate physics all terrestrial materials are made up of atoms.
This textbook combines a thorough theoretical treatment of the basic physics of semiconductors with applications to practical devices by. Lecture 1 introduction to semiconductors and semiconductor. Semiconductor physics and applications hardcover m. However, it was not until the twentieth century that the atomic theory of matter became firmly established as an unassailable, demonstrated fact. Semiconductor physics article about semiconductor physics.
This book describes the basic physics of semiconductors, including the hierarchy of transport models, and connects the theory with the functioning of actual semiconductor devices. Lecture 2 semiconductor physics i february 8, 2001 contents. Use ocw to guide your own lifelong learning, or to teach others. Lecture 3 semiconductor physics ii carrier transport september. No external heating or large evacuated space is required by the semiconductor devices. Ee lecture handouts pdf format download adobe acrobat to read pdf files. Dimitrijev understanding semiconductor devices mayer and lau electronic materials science colclaser and diehlnagle materials and devices for electrical engineers and physicists tipler physics for scientists and engineers v4. This semiconductor devices specialization is designed to be a deep dive into the fundamentals of the electronic devices that form the backbone of our current integrated circuits technology. At room temperature, kbtq is approxi mately 26 mv and ni is of the order of 1010cm3 for silicon. Applications illustrated with computergenerated animations. Basic semiconductor physics chihiro hamaguchi springer. What are the physical mechanisms responsible for cur rent flow in semiconductors.
How many electrons and holes are there in a semicon ductor in thermal. The 5 basic equations of semiconductor device physics. Balkanski, richard fisher wallis, oxford university press, 2000, 0198517416, 9780198517412, 487 pages. Apply to research scientist, fabricator, engineer and more.
I wasnt wellversed in semiconductor physics or technology. Lecture 2 semiconductor physics i february 6, 2003 contents. Ee lecture notes university of california, berkeley. Oct 09, 2014 an introduction to semiconductor physics, technology, and industry.
Neamens semiconductor physics and devices deals with the electrical properties and characteristics of semiconductor materials and devices. Where k b is the boltzmann constant, t is the absolute temperature and q is the absolute value of the electronic charge. I s ntroduction to 1 emiconductors pearson education. Atom is composed of a nucleus which contains protons and neutrons. A semiconductor is a material that has a resistivity value in between that of a conductor and an insulator.
Some experiments demonstrating properties of semiconductors, pn junctions, transistors and logic gates will be performed to give more intimate feeling of the subject. Semiconductor ii silicon is the most common material used to build semiconductor devices. It is the tendency of each germanium atom to have 8 electrons in the last orbit. Introduction in order to understand the physics of semiconductor sc devices, we should first learn how atoms bond together to form the solids. Most semiconductors are formed from elements from groups ii, iii, vi, v, vi of the periodic table. How do electrons and holes in a semiconductor behave. In intrinsic semiconductors, electronhole charge carrier pairs are promoted to the conduction band by ambient thermal energy, as described by the maxwellboltzmann distribution.
Writing a book on semiconductor device physics and design is never complete and probably never completely satisfying. Understand the band theory of solids like conductors, semiconductors and insulators. Ravindran, phy02e semiconductor physics, 26 december 2012. While its rather easy to understand what a transistor does. The semiconductor materials used in electronic devices are doped under precise conditions to control the concentration and regions of p and ntype dopants. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Charge neutrality the semiconductor remains charge neutral even when it has been doped. The goal of this book is to bring together quantum mechanics, the quantum theory of solids, semiconductor material physics, and semiconductor device physics in a clear and understandable way. Chapter 1 the crystal structure in solids chapter 2 introduction to quantum mechanics chapter 3 introduction to the quantum theory of solids chapter 4 semiconductor in equilibrium chapter 5 carrier transport phenomena.
Because of these four valence electrons, the semiconductor elements do have some special electrical characteristics and properties, which make them useful in using extensively in electronic circuit elements like diodes, transistors, scrs, etc. This is based on the book semiconductor physics and. Bohr drew upon the work or collaborated with scientists such as dalton, thomson, and rutherford, among others and has been described as one of the most influential physicists of the 20th century. Physics and modeling fills the need for a rigorous description of semiconductor device physics that is relevant to modern nanoelectronics. Crystal structure, band structure, carrier transport, phonons, scattering processes and optical properties are presented for typical semiconductors such as silicon, but iiiv and iivi. Schubert quantum mechanics applied to semiconductor devices. Introduction to semiconductors and semiconductor devices a background equalization lecture reading. Diffusion, electric potential and field, nonuniformly doped semiconductor. This is the 1st lecture of a short summer course on semiconductor device physics taught in july 2015 at cornell university by prof. Jun 15, 2018 the atoms of semiconductor elements have exactly four valence electrons.
This is part of my series on semiconductor physics often called electronics 1 at university. The physics of semiconductor lasers is also described, including einstein coefficients, stimulated emission, spontaneous emission, laser gain, double heterostructures, blue lasers, optical confinement, laser modes, and strained quantum well lasers, offering insights into the physics of various kinds of semiconductor lasers. This is based on the book semiconductor physics and devices by donald neamen, as well as the eecs. The bold terms in color are key terms and are also defined. Indeed, the ancient greeks put this hypothesis forward over two millennia ago. An introduction to semiconductor physics, technology, and. Understand different classification of semiconductors like intrinsic and extrinsic. Some of the devices analyzed in this course include mosfets, high electron mobility transistors hemts, heterojunction bipolar transistors hbts, as well as. Semiconductor materials are a subclass of materials distinguished by the existence of a range of disallowed. This course will discuss and explain the basic physics governing semiconductors. Solymar and walsh electrical properties of materials. Basics of semiconductor devices dinesh sharma microelectronics group. Lecture 2 semiconductor physics i mit opencourseware. Lecture 2 mit massachusetts institute of technology.
When a doped semiconductor contains mostly free holes it is called ptype, and when it contains mostly free electrons it is known as ntype. An introduction to semiconductor physics, technology, and industry. Devices made from semiconductor materials are the foundation of modern electronics, including ratio, computers. This course outlines the physics, modeling, application, and technology of compound semiconductors primarily iiivs in electronic, optoelectronic, and photonic devices and integrated circuits. Please refer to the tex book neamen, semiconductor physics and devices. We shall concentrate largely on elemental semiconducors such as silicon or germanium, and most numerical values used for examples are speci c to silicon. Try one of the apps below to open or edit this item. Semiconductorsthe materials whose electrical conductivity lies between thoseof conductors and insulators, are known as semiconductors. Details are worked out carefully and derived from the basic physics, while keeping the internal coherence of the concepts and explaining various levels of approximation. Freely browse and use ocw materials at your own pace.
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